Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Development
College of Pharmacy | Al-Nahrain University
Microneedles: A Revolutionizing Model of Drug Delivery System in Pharmaceutics with Minimal Invasion
One of the most interesting pharmaceutical drug delivery systems with minimally invasive technique are Microneedles. In the recent years, many researchers have concluded that Microneedles can be a leading method in the future. As a drug delivery system, Microneedles can improve drug delivery by avoiding many barriers that were linked with the conventional system, these unique properties could make Microneedles widely used. The primary mechanism for improving drug delivery to the targeted site with minimal complications is by creating micro-sized pores in the skin layer. The growing interest of Microneedles in biomedical and pharmaceutical research is obtained by easy delivery of active ingredient with low invasive technique. Vaccines, peptides, and hormones are examples of molecules delivered by Microneedles. In this review, we will discuss Microneedles efficiency as drug delivery carriers, fabrication materials, and several related patents
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Development
Evaluation The Laser Effects on Phage of Acentobacter Bumanii Isolated from Clinical Samples in Iraq/Qadisyiah
Objective: Acinetobacter baumannii is a pathogenic bacterium with clinical attributes of nosocomial infection and resistance to antibiotics. Phage therapy represents a potential solution because it can specifically target MDR strains. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a lytic bacteriophage specific to A. baumannii, evaluate its kinetic and lytic properties, and investigate the effects of laser treatment on enhancing phage antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Methods: Clinical specimens were collected from patients in three hospitals in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, and A. baumannii isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests, API systems, and 16S rRNA PCR sequencing. Environmental samples were screened to isolate lytic phages, which were propagated, purified, and analyzed using plaque assays and scanning electron microscopy. Phage kinetics—including adsorption rate, eclipse period, lysis time, and burst size—were assessed using standard bacteriophage quantification methods. Laser treatment was applied to evaluate its effect on phage activity under different temperatures and pH conditions. Results: A lytic phage specific to A. baumannii was successfully isolated, exhibiting an icosahedral head and a long tail typical of virulent phages. The phage showed rapid adsorption, a short eclipse period, and a high burst size (~111 phages per infected cell). It demonstrated strong lytic activity at temperatures between 35–45 °C and pH 8–10.5. Laser exposure, at 250 pulses, significantly enhanced phage antibacterial activity, resulting in faster bacterial lysis and increased phage productivity. Conclusions: The combination of phage therapy and laser treatment represents a promising strategy for combating MDR A. baumannii
Smart and Responsive Drug Delivery Systemsfor Diabetic Ulcers: Advances in Pharmaceutical Design
Diabetic ulcer is a significant medical issue affecting millions of patients globally due to consequential morbidity, mortality, and health care system costs. The complex pathophysiological process of delayed wound healing in diabetic patients remains inadequately addressed with conventional treatment modalities. This review summarises recent advances in smart, responsive engineered drug delivery systems for the treatment of diabetic ulcers. Moreover, we exemplify these strategies using emerging technologies, including nanotechnology, hydrogel matrices, stimulus-responsive systems, and bioactives. New methodologies, including next-generation approaches such as 3D-printed scaffolds, nanofiber systems, and theranostic platforms, are presented as alternative treatment options that could change the landscape of diabetes-related wound care. Discussions on the challenges of translation, regulation, and application of new pharma-technologies in clinical research are offered
Effect Exposure of Mobile Radiation on Human Red Blood Cell in Vitro
Objective: Wireless technologies are expanding rapidly, leading to a marked increase in human exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR), mainly in the microwave frequency band emitted by mobile phones. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cell phone–generated microwave radiation on human red blood cells (RBCs) in vitro. Methods: Blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers and exposed to microwaves emitted from mobile phones at a distance of 1 cm for durations of 1, 5, and 20 minutes. Both computerized and manual hematological parameters were analyzed, including hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), RBC count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), aggregation, deformability, and osmotic fragility. Results: A significant reduction in Hb concentration was observed after 20 minutes of exposure, along with a significant decrease in RBC count after 1 minute. The flow rate increased markedly, while aggregation and deformability parameters indicated alterations in the RBC membrane. Conclusion: The findings suggest that non-thermal microwave exposure can affect RBC morphology and function, likely through modifications in membrane integrity and surface charge, which may have implications for blood rheology under prolonged EMR exposure.
Extracellular Lipase Production by Aspergillus niger Isolated From Industrial Oil Crops Using Submerged Fermentation
The screening, production, and optimization of extracellular lipase from a fungus Aspergillus niger isolated from different sources were examined in this work. The isolated fungi were screened on tributyrin hydrolysis method to detect exogenous lipolytic activity. A promising lipase producing isolate of A. niger-6 was selected and identified as the highest lipaseproducing strain. The optimal conditions were determined for: inducer oil, carbon source, nitrogen source, initial pH value, incubation temperature, incubation period, inoculum size, and shaking speed for lipase production using one factor at a time approach. Maximum lipase production was observed in 1% olive oil, 2% glucose, 2g/l ammonium sulphate, pH6, 30°C, 5days, 1x106spores/ml-1, and 150 rpm, respectively.
Floating Drug Delivery System: A Promising Approach for Gastroprotective Drug Delivery
Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS) is a very recent approach in the development of oral drug delivery systems, which can be employed to control the gastric emptying time of filled device for both sustained and controlled release (CR) preparations, to locate the CR in a particular site, to minimize the drug loss and to improve drug delivery. These types of systems have a low density, are buoyant in gastric fluid, maintain longer residence time in the stomach with controlled drug release. FDDS can be prepared in tablets, capsules, powders, granules, films and microspheres and are especially valuable when dealing with highly water-soluble drugs with short halflife, having absorption window low in the gut or having instability at intestinal pH. There are several types of FDDS such as effervescent, non-effervescent, raft-forming, the hydrodynamically balanced and the inflatable system that uses different ways to float and consequent modification of release. Their performance is highly dependent upon physiological parameters, such as gastric pH, motility, meal content, age, and body position. FDDS have various advantages such as increased bioavailability, rapid onset of action, a lower frequency of dose administration, better patient compliance, and long site-specific action in the stomach, which is useful in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers. Nevertheless, gastric emptying variability and complexity of the formulation still pose obstacles. Newer excipients and polymers and newer carriers will continue to improve these systems, making FDDS a potential weapon for future gastroprotective and controlled-release therapies.
GIT Microbiome and Pharmacology: Implications for drug Metabolism and Therapeutic Outcomes
Introduction and analysis: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The paper analyses works published within 2013 and 2025 were highlighted to ensure up-to-date judgements. Microorganism settle with all human body surfaces like gastrointestinal tract. Affecting broad of aspects regarding body physiological activities as a mediator, homeostasis, metabolism, inflammatory responses and most important is the interaction between gut microbiota enzymes and orally administered drugs. The review discuss many interventions regards microbiota within drugs that leads to hinder and fluctuates the bioavailability and effectiveness. Some interactions lead to reduce the efficacy of intake drugs while other may boost the therapy, by its effect on absorption, metabolism and reconditioning. A list of examples easy to access within database reveals the dug microbiota interaction by different mechanism, this review shows few examples upon different way of interaction to present a clear understands to such interventions. Conclusion: It is worthy to aim targeting the gut microbiota in different diseases, to assist in slow progression and improve the treatment. Therefore, by concentrating on all of these gaps and offering a genuine answer through creative methods, new trustworthy diagnostic tools, and microbiome targeted therapy, it is hoped to reduce response fluctuation and improve quality of life.
Association of Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphisms with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study
Objective: To compare the distribution of ApoE polymorphisms between women with PCOS and healthy controls to explore whether specific ApoE genotypes contribute to the genetic susceptibility of developing PCOS, and to investigate the association between APOE gene polymorphisms and lipid profiles in PCOS patients. Methods: A case-control study was conducted between November 2023 and January 2025, enrolling 120 women with PCOS diagnosed according to Rotterdam criteria and 60 age-matched healthy controls. Participants underwent comprehensive clinical assessment, hormonal evaluation (FSH, LH, total and free testosterone), lipid profiling, and inflammatory marker analysis. DNA extraction was performed from whole blood, followed by PCR amplification and direct sequencing of ApoE gene fragments containing SNPs rs429358 and rs7412. Results: PCOS participants demonstrated significantly higher age, body weight, and height compared to controls (p<0.05). Hormonal analysis revealed characteristic PCOS patterns with elevated LH, total testosterone, free testosterone, and C-reactive protein levels, alongside reduced FSH concentrations (p<0.001). Lipid profile analysis showed significantly higher total cholesterol and LDL levels, with lower HDL concentrations in PCOS patients (p<0.05). Genetic analysis identified three ApoE genotypes (ε3ε3, ε2ε3, ε3ε4), with ε3ε3 being most prevalent in both groups. No significant differences were observed in ApoE genotype or allele distribution between PCOS patients and controls (p>0.05). However, within the PCOS group, ε4 allele carriers exhibited significantly elevated total cholesterol (p=0.039), triglycerides (p=0.013), and VLDL levels (p=0.026) compared to ε2 and ε3 carriers. Conclusions: ApoE gene polymorphisms do not appear to significantly influence PCOS susceptibility, as genotype distributions were comparable between patients and controls. However, ApoE variants, particularly the ε4 allele, may modulate metabolic dysfunction severity in women with established PCOS, potentially affecting cardiovascular risk stratification and therapeutic management approaches.
Frequency and Awareness of Lifestyle Medication Use among University Students in Kut City, Iraq
Background: Lifestyle medicines (LSMs) are used to help people alter their lifestyles. These medicines are used for purposes other than medicine or health. Aims & Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of LSM use among the students of the university, the rationale for their utilization, and the kinds of consequences, in order to give useful data for reasoning and prevention of this problem. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive research study was carried out. university students in Wasit, Iraq, by using a self-administered questionnaire. Participants were usefully recruited through online platforms. The questionnaire consist of four sections, including sociodemographic profile, knowledge, and awareness in a validated questionnaire format. Results: A total of 500 students aged between 18-25 and more were surveyed. The number who utilize LSMs was 470(94%). The most common agents utilized by a high number of students were vitamins 136(28.94%) followed by Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 41(8.72%), then caffeine-containing substances 38(8.09% ). The most frequent adverse effects related to use of LSMs were lethargy and fatigue and 68 (14.47%), and insomnia 41(8.72%). Conclusion: Awareness of Lifestyle Medications (LSMs) was moderate, with medical advice being the primary source of information. The study found a high prevalence of LSM use, with vitamins being the most commonly used. Adverse effects varied among users, with fatigue and the lethargy being the most reported. Despite diverse perceptions toward LSMs, a significant differences in awareness were noted based on gender and study field, highlighting the need for targeted education and intervention strategies.
From Diagnosis to Therapy: A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Radioactive Isotopes in Thyroid Cancer Management
The use of radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer is now an integral part of modern nuclear medicine. Gamma-emitting isotopes such as technetium-99m and iodine-123 serve as the main diagnostic imaging weapon enabling great sensitivity and specificity, non-invasive functional visualization of thyroid physiology and disease. Todine-131 is the dominant therapeutic isotope, emitting cytotoxic beta radiation for the treatment of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer and thyroid remnant ablation. The effectiveness of radioactive iodine treatment is dependent on various factors including sodium-iodide symporter expression as well as dosimetry methods seeking to maximize absorbed dosages whilst simultaneously achieving successful treatment alongside minimizing non-target organ toxicity. Molecular radiotheragnostics and personalized dosimetry methods are slowly entering the clinical routine and will ensure higher diagnostic power and treatment efficacy in the future. Radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancers have long been challenging to manage, warranting novel approaches to integrate molecular biology, targeted therapies and immunotherapy. The changing context of radionuclide use in thyroid care highlights the necessity of multidisciplinary approaches, which promise to increase patient outcomes and the management of thyroid cancer
The Impact and Role of Probiotic Bacterium Streptococcus Salivarius on Oral and Dental Health
Streptococcus salivarius is a Gram-positive, non-pathogenic bacterium naturally found in the oral microbiota of healthy individuals. It is recognized as an effective probiotic due to its antimicrobial properties and ability to stimulate the immune system, particularly activating natural killer (NK) cells and producing anti-tumor cytokines such as interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 (IL-12). Strains K12 and M18 of this bacterium are specifically used to combat harmful oral bacteria and prevent tooth decay. These strains act by producing bacteriocins, especially against Streptococcus mutans (the main cause of tooth decay). Probiotics, in general, are live microorganisms that, when consumed in sufficient amounts, have beneficial effects on the host's health. Streptococcus salivarius, as a probiotic, plays a role not only in oral and dental health but also in improving overall body health. Studies have shown that this bacterium can help reduce bad breath, improve gum health, and reduce dental plaque formation. Additionally, the use of products containing this probiotic, such as toothpaste and mouthwash, can help its effective colonization in the oral cavity. Compared to conventional methods such as the use of antibiotics, probiotics are safer and reduce the risk of microbial resistance. However, probiotic consumption may cause mild side effects such as bloating or diarrhea in some individuals. Overall, Streptococcus salivarius as a promising probiotic plays an important role in maintaining oral and dental health and improving the quality of life.
Does Having a Smoking Friend or Parent Encourage Baghdad Medical Students to Smoke
Objective: worldwide to lessen the impact of the tobacco pandemic. A major roadblock to reducing tobacco consumption is the absence of smoking statistics in the Iraqi population. The study set out to answer the question, " Does having a smoking friend or parent encourage Baghdad Medical students to smoke?" by looking for a correlation between social contacts and smoking behaviors within the demographic and the prevalence of smoking among medical students. Methods: This work uses cross-sectional studies to investigate the effects of social and familial elements as well as their consequences for public health policies. Students' one-on-one encounters in healthcare environments provided the data for the cross-sectional observational study. Comprising 599 college students ranging in age from 18 to 23, the sample included two groups of smoking and nonsmoking individuals. Conclusions: This study intends to investigate how friends and parents’ behavior affect medical students from Baghdad's smoking behavior. The data showed a significant relationship among the smoking group who already had a parent or a friend who smokes. The study recommends a new anti-smoking campaign focused on the medical students. Stressing the need for robust and resilient training and awareness efforts to reduce this phenomenon.
The Role of Collagen IV and Neopterin in Iraqi Patients with Cushing’s Disease
Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the biochemical parameters (collagen IV and neopterin) and the etiology of Cushing's disease in Iraqi patients and to examine the biochemical action of the treatment (prednisolone and hydrocortisone) on the biochemical parameters (cortisol, ACTH, collagen IV, and neopterin). Methods: The patients were classified into four groups: G3 composed of (25) newly diagnosed males with Cushing’s disease / without treatment, G4 composed of (25) newly diagnosed females with Cushing’s disease / without treatment, G5 composed of (25) males with Cushing’s disease / under treatment with prednisolone and hydrocortisone and G6 composed of (25) females with Cushing’s disease / under treatment with prednisolone, Cushing’s patient were compared with healthy subjects with approximately the same range of age-matched with the patients and regarded as two control group: G1 composed of (25) healthy males and (G2) composed of (25) healthy females. The levels of all parameters were determined in sera of both patients and control groups. Results: Statistically, the level of cortisol and neopterin were highly significantly increased, ACTH level was significantly increased and collagen IV was highly significantly decreased in G3 and G4 compared with G1 and G2 respectively, the levels of cortisol and neopterin were decreased (non-significantly for males and significantly for females regarding cortisol, highly significant for males and significantly for females regarding neopterin ) in G5 and G6 compared with G3 and G4 respectively while the same treatment caused a side effect on both ACTH and collagen IV. Cortisol level was a highly significant increase in newly diagnosed females compared with males while the difference was non-significant regarding ACTH, Collagen IV, and neopterin. Conclusion: The current study submits novel findings by elucidating that collagen IV and neopterin show promise as novel biochemical markers for CD. Also, it highlights the reactive action of prednisolone and hydrocortisone in shifting cortisol and neopterin into the balance and the side effects and non-significant effects of these drugs on ACTH and collagen IV respectively.
The Evolution of Drug Delivery Systems: Historical Advances and Future Directions
Drug delivery methods have evolved to improve therapeutic outcomes, patient compliance, and therapy outcomes. This review examines the historical progression of drug delivery strategies, current innovations, and emerging trends shaping the future of therapeutic approaches. Traditional methods of giving medications, like oral and injection routes, had many problems, such as low bioavailability and systemic side effects. This review looks at how drug delivery systems have changed throughout several drug development eras. It focuses on new developments such as nanotechnology-based delivery, biologics, and the creation of smart drug delivery systems. This review highlights breakthroughs in controlled-release systems, nanocarriers, transdermal patches, and implantable drug-delivery devices, comparing both conventional and modern strategies. Further, advances in microencapsulation technology, gene therapy delivery strategies, and AI-assisted drug formulation are examined in the context of precision and efficacy. These innovations reflect a paradigm shift toward precision medicine with personalized drug delivery strategies minimizing side effects while maximizing therapeutic outcomes. Importantly, nanomedicine and biological therapies have successfully addressed critical challenges of drug stability, bioavailability, and drug delivery mechanisms for controlled release devices
General review of Biotechnology Role of Production Genetic Modified Organisms
The area of Biotechnology has been both interesting and surprising from the beginning. At first, the scientists were filled with apprehension regarding the cessation of this technology's usage. It is more prudent to be cautious when making alterations to nature as the resulting outcomes remain unpredictable. Utilizing this innovative technology to enhance the nutritional value of food and combat illnesses is a logical approach. The process of creating GMOs involves extracting specific genes from one organism and inserting them into a different organism to generate modified living entities. This process usually gives the new organism specific traits that we want it to have. GMOs can be plants, animals, or enzymes that have been genetically modified. Some genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been given permission by government agencies to be used for business and to be eaten, while others are still being reviewed by these agencies. Some GMOs are still being tested in laboratories. Genetic modification or genetic engineering of organisms can be put into groups: Green genetic engineering, also known as agro-genetic engineering, is all about creating genetically modified plants for use in farming and food production , Genetic engineering in red/yellow is used in medicine, tests for genetics, and gene therapy, as well as to make drugs like insulin and vaccines , Bacteria or yeast: These micro-organisms are created by changing their genes to make them produce specific chemicals. The chemicals they produce are used in industries to make things like medicine or other products.
The correlation of thyroid function with obesity
The thyroid is an endocrine gland. It controls the body's iodine balance as well as the creation and release of thyroid hormones from its location in the inferior, anterior neck. The thyroid produces both triiodothyronine, which is mostly active, and thyroxine (T4), which is primarily dormant (T3). Thyroid hormone that has undergone peripheral conversion is either activated thyroid hormone or another inactive thyroid hormone. Body composition and thyroid hormones appear to be closely related. Thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolism, thermogenesis and play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism, food intake and fat oxidation. Thyroid dysfunction is associated with changes in body weight and composition, body temperature and total and resting energy expenditure (REE) independent of physical activity. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is more likely to be activated in obese patients with healthy thyroid function and greater blood levels of thyroid hormones. On the other hand, slight variations in thyroid function are linked to weight changes of up to 5 kg. An online survey was conducted in Al_Nahrain university college of pharmacy. The aim of this survey is to find the correlation between thyroid function and obesity in the Iraqi population who are diagnosed and treated of hypothyroidism. Current study outcomes is to find the correlation between thyroid function and obesity in the Iraqi population who are diagnosed and treated of hypothyroidism. The correlation between BMI and TSH showed elevattion 4.5-10 mIU/mL, 36 had severely Elevated > 10 mIU/mL while 9 are normal 0.5-4.5 mIU/mL. Aim: The aim of this survey is to find the correlation between thyroid function and obesity in the Iraqi population who are diagnosed and treated of hypothyroidism.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Development
Psoriasis is a chronic immuno-mediated inflammatory disease of 2.3% prevalence in Iraqi the etiology of the disease is not identified well. A wide variation in disease picture and response to treatment occur due to the complexity of the disease. The study includes 75 male and female people diagnosed with psoriasis. General data and treatment used have been analyzed. A questionnaire is prepared. The study shows that there were twenty-one patients aged between 15 and 24 years, thirty-three patients aged between 25 and 34 years, eight patients aged between 35 and 44 years, and thirteen patients were identified as being older than 44 years. The study shows that the distribution of patients is such that fifty-five percent are male, while forty-five percent are female. Betamethasone was most steroid used. Most of the patients repeat the treatment courses more than two times and most of the patients participated in the study use only one drug. In Conclusion both topical and systemic treatment is used and mostly steroids were the common used group.
The Biological effects of uritica dioica extraction on some pathogenic Bacteria
The Urtica dioica is a flowering plant with long history of use in folk medicine and as a food source. Nettles grow all over the world in mild to temperate climates. The study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of alcoholic watery extracts of dry leaves of Urtica dioica on some pathogenic microorganisms (E.coli, Staphylococcus. aureus). The Plants were collected in the early time of January from Baghdad. Deride leaves of Uritica were extracted using co-solvent (Water and ethanol) extraction way by Soxhelt apparatus for crude extraction, and use rotary evaporator to obtain power extract. The series dilution was prepared 50%, 25, 12.5w/v that use on Mueller-Hinton agar plates against the St.aureus, E.coli by using well diffusion method then compared with antimicrobial activity of many antibiotics against the same isolates using Kirby-Bauer method. The crude extract of U. dioica showed significant antibacterial effect against some clinically important pathogenic bacteria Staph.aureus : at the concentration 50% the inhibition zone was 20 mm , followed by 25% (14mm) , and12.5%(10mm), and E.coli : at the concentration 50% the inhibition zone was18mm , followed by 25%(12mm) ,and 12.5(8mm) respectively. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that U. dioica is useful as antibacterial agent in treating infectious diseases.
Phytochemical Analysis and Detection of some Bioactive Compound in moringa oleifera Extract
Moringa is a natural and cultivated variety of the genus Moringa of the family Moringaceae. The cultivation of Moringa is widespread due to multiple medicinal and healing properties. It is one of the richest plant sources of Vitamins A, B , C, D, E, K , in addition to proteins and minerals .The recent study aimed to phytochemically analyze Moringa oleifera grown in Iraqi environment and detection of some active compounds of the plant. Research reported that Moringa can support a healthy cardiovascular system, promote normal blood glucose levels, neutralize free radicals, provide excellent support of the body's anti inflammatory mechanisms, enrich anemic blood and support immune system. Moringa oleifera contains various phytoconstituents which contribute to its therapeutic uses such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phenolic acids, glycosides, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This study was able to identify the different phytochemical compounds present in Moringa cultivated in Iraq using preliminary chemical tests and to identify the presence of Quercetin using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The chromatographic techniques proved the presence of Quercetin by showing identical retention time and retention factor almost identical to that produced by quercetin standard.
Exploring the relationship between medication adherence and hospitalization rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Medication adherence is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the degree to which the person‟s behavior corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider, Adherence to therapies is a primary determinant of treatment success. The aim of the current study to compute the level of medication adherence in hospitalized and non hospitalized patients in order to compare between them and demonstrate the effect of non adherence on hospitalization rate. Sixty patients were participating in the current study (30 hospitalized, 30 non hospitalized) with age ≥ 18 years old, using morisky questionnaire and general questionnaire to collect information that relate to the patient lifestyle, diet, age, sex etc. It was found that 60% of hospitalized patients involved in the study had low adherents, 26.6% medium and only 13.3% were high adherents compared to non hospitalized with 33.3% being high adherents, 33.3% low and medium adherents, and the direct relationship between decreased adherence and increased hospitalization rates, also noticed the effects of age, complexity of treatment, patient provider interactions and unwanted side effects of medications on the rates of adherence. The study found that low adherence was higher in hospitalized patients; the rate of high adherence was increased in non hospitalized patients. Adherence to prescriptions is linked to age, patients' beliefs, education about their health, their trust in health care workers.
The Effect of Methanolic extract of Eucalyptus sp. Leaves in Growth of some Opportunistic Fungi
The recent study aimed to examine the Methanolic extract of Eucalyptus sp. leaves against some opportunistic fungi. The leaves of Eucalyptus sp. were collected, dried and then grinded. Powder of leaves was extracted using methanol and then filtered using filter papers. The filtrate was then centrifuged and then the filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator. A stock solution was used to determine the inhibitory activity of the extract against opportunistic fungi. The results of detecting the active substances in the crude
Design, Molecular Docking and ADME Study of New GABA Derivatives
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a pivotal role in neuronal regulation within the Brain. This study aims to explore potential interactions between synthesized GABA derivatives and GATI through molecular docking simulations. Initially, GABA's historical significance and Therapeutic applications are outlined. The mechanism of action of GABAergic drugs and the role of GATI are elucidated. Subsequently, using ADME procedures and molecular docking protocols, the Physicochemical properties of synthesized compounds and their binding affinities to GATI are Investigated. Results reveal high gastrointestinal absorption and varying blood-brain barrier Permeability among the compounds. Docking studies show promising interactions, with compound G8 exhibiting notable affinity attributed possibly to hydrogen bond formations. This research offers Insights into potential drug development targeting GATI for modulating GABAergic signaling.
Design, Molecular Docking and ADME Studies of New Imidazolidine Derivatives
The protective reaction of an organism to potentially harmful stimuli is known as inflammation, and it can result from a variety of sources, including physical, chemical, or viral injuries. A large number of people in our society suffer from long-term inflammatory diseases, which makes it necessary to constantly develop new anti-inflammatory drugs. The development of powerful anti-inflammatory medications has advanced significantly in recent years. As a result, heterocyclic compounds made up a sizeable fraction of organic chemistry due to their pharmacological activity and distinct physical traits that distinguished them from other cyclic compounds. One of the most common N-based heterocyclic molecules is imidazolidine. Numerous scientists have become interested in it because of the variety of industrial and pharmacological uses. In the present study, the work dedicated to designed new imidazolidine derivatives. Molecular Docking Software (Schrodinger) was used to check the binding interaction between new derivatives (4N, 4M, 4D, 4In, 4Ib) and the cyclooxygenase active site of COX-2 in comparison with naproxen, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, indomethacin and ibuprofen as references drugs respectively. The results demonstrated that good binding affinity achieved by all new compounds with the exception of 4D derivative in comparison with diclofenac. Finally, the findings of the ADME study demonstrated that all new derivatives met the Lipinski rule of five and expected to be highly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract.
Medical Application of Graphene and its derivative
Graphene is one of the most important compounds that possess a lot of very unique chemical properties. The importance of graphene and its diverse medical use in all directions has increased, making this matter the focus of attention and attention of scientists and medical specialists with regard to the early diagnosis of cancer and tumors, its clinical follow-up and treatment, especially in recent years. In this review, the medical and pharmacological applications and uses of graphene in the early diagnosis of different types of cancer and how to follow up on disease cases were discussed. The most important difficulties facing researchers in the applied medical field of graphene were also discussed. The important and exceptional feature of graphene composite was the influential point in the diversity of medical applications of graphene, including electronic superconductivity, very high surface area, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, low economic cost, and possible development methods .A deep and comprehensive understanding of the interactions of graphene, which include organs and tissues, could lead to the production or formation of nano platforms such as graphene oxide that are more productive than graphene, Which has shown many important achievements regarding the applications of medical sensors that were in their initial stages.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Development
Prevalence of Multi-drug Resistance in Iraqi Patients with Tuberculosis
Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial, infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex. TB causes a wide range of clinical infections affecting many parts of the body. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is caused by bacteria that are resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin, the most effective anti- TB drugs, or more. MDR-TB presents a major concern in many countries and continues to threaten TB control. Methods: A retrospective cohort study carried out from 5 Jan 2020 to 30 March 2020 at the Specialized Chest and Respiratory Disease Center in Baghdad. The records of the patients who received multidrug treatment were included in the study. On the other hand, all the records that not contain full information about the socio-demographic characteristics, history of travelling or other disease, type and duration of treatment, and drug culture sensitivity excluded from the study. Results: From the 650 patients whom there records were reviewed, 130 patients had single or multi-drug resistance mainly to rifampicin and isoniazide. Comparing the presence of drug resistance according the gender showed that the number of males who had resistance to drugs was higher than that of females. Conclusion: Tuberculosis affects mainly the productive age group. It affects males more than females. Resistance to anti TB drugs was found in one fifth of patients who received treatment.
Assessments of active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipients in some pharmaceutical formulations
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient is a substance that considered as one of the important materials that enter into the manufacture of the final pharmaceutical product, and its activity. Pharmaceuticals have a significant impact on the treatment and diagnosis of pathological conditions, and thus reduce the economic burden of the disease. As well, it has a role in the restoration, correction, or modification of physiological functions in human. Excipients play an important role in a drug's performance, including bioavailability, improving solubility, preserving the PH, stability, and determining the profile of the release. The reduction in the production cost of active pharmaceutical ingredient is not only due to the reduction in workers' wages, beside to innovations in the production method, which could help to reduce the economic state. The excipients have an essential part in industry of drugs, which contain a dependable, repeatable production method that produces a more stable product over time and increasing patient compliance.
Comparison of sitagliptin, glimepiride, and metformin group with glimepiride and metformin group in treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 patients
Objective: To compare glycaemia control between glimepiride and metformin group with sitagliptin, glimepiride and metformin group in uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patient. Methods: This retrospective, randomized, clinical study was done in the diabetes research center. The number of the patient in this study was thirty-five patients. The patients examined individually in detail to check their general health in addition to the physical state. For all the patients, data had been collected and fasting plasma glucose level had been measured. Participants have been chosen by unresponsiveness of diabetic patient to single therapy of metformin or glimepiride in this trial. The patients were allocated into 2 groups. Group I include 14 patient given glimepiride, metformin and sitagliptin, while group II include 21 patients given glimepiride and metformin. Both Results: A statistical significant decrease was found in fasting plasma glucose level when compare before and after treatment regimen of sitagliptin, Glimepiride and Metformin group while no significant difference in fasting plasma glucose when comparing the triple therapy group (Sitagliptin, Glimepiride and Metformin) with the double therapy group (Glimepiride and Metformin) after thirty days of treatment. groups continue treatment for thirty days and statistical analyses include data collection was done. Conclusion: No significant difference was found between glimepiride and metformin therapy with sitagliptin, glimepiride and metformin therapy in uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patient.
Possibility of infection with COVID-19 in vaccinated Iraqi people
Objective: As the pandemic effect of viral infection with COVID-19 caused dreadful from death in worldwide, thereafter many vaccines manufactured against it. The aim of this study is to explore the acceptability of anti-COVID-19 vaccine in Iraqi population. Methods: An online survey conducted in February 2022 among current vaccinated people that included 308 participants (108 males and 200 females) aged (18-66) years. The questionnaire involved questions about the vaccine type ,vaccine dose number, presence of infection after vaccination, symptom of infection after vaccination, period of infection appearance after vaccination, duration of infection presence after vaccination. Results: The upper percent of questionnaire database reported that 68% of people take Pfizer vaccine, 84 % of people take twice dose of vaccine. Moreover, 68 % of people not infected after taking vaccine, symptom that appear after vaccination 15% mild to moderate. While, the period of infection appearance after vaccination was 25% more than one month, and the duration of infection presence after vaccination was 22% about one week. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study showed the important role of anti- COVID-19 vaccine in constricted the spreading effect of COVID-19 infection for a reasonable level.